Reasons for Hematemesis in Mobile Toilets
The reasons for hematemesis in mobile toilets are complex and diverse, potentially related to diseases of the digestive system, blood system, oral and nasal cavities, or the intake of special foods or medications. Details are as follows:
Digestive system diseases are a common cause of hematemesis. Peptic ulcers, including gastric ulcers and duodenal ulcers, are often caused by Helicobacter pylori infection or long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. When ulcers erode blood vessels, they can trigger upper gastrointestinal bleeding, presenting as hematemesis or melena. Acute gastric mucosal lesions are frequently induced by heavy alcohol consumption, severe trauma, major surgery, or the use of irritant medications. After the gastric mucosal barrier is damaged, diffuse bleeding occurs, and patients may suddenly vomit coffee-ground material or fresh blood and pass tarry stools. Esophageal and gastric variceal rupture is commonly seen in patients with advanced liver cirrhosis. Due to portal hypertension, the blood vessel walls become thin, and when they rupture, the bleeding is voluminous and severe, often accompanied by shock. Gastric cancer, a malignant tumor of the gastric epithelial cells, can cause persistent upper abdominal discomfort, weight loss, anemia, and hematemesis with melena when the tumor tissue necrotizes, ulcerates, and invades blood vessels. Acute gastritis is caused by acute inflammation of the gastric mucosa, such as after heavy alcohol consumption or the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, leading to gastric mucosal damage and bleeding, presenting as hematemesis and hematochezia.
Blood system diseases, such as leukemia and thrombocytopenic purpura, can lead to coagulation disorders and trigger spontaneous gastrointestinal bleeding. In addition to hematemesis, patients often have systemic manifestations such as skin petechiae, gum bleeding, fever, and fatigue.
Oral, nasal, pharyngeal, and respiratory tract diseases can also cause hematemesis. Oral diseases like gum bleeding and oral ulcers, or nasal diseases such as rhinitis and deviated nasal septum, may cause blood to flow back into the oral cavity, presenting as blood in saliva. Pharyngeal diseases like pharyngitis and tonsillitis, or respiratory tract diseases such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, and lung cancer, may cause blood to be expelled through the mouth due to mucosal damage or hemoptysis.
The intake of special foods or medications can also cause similar symptoms. After consuming large amounts of animal blood or liver, or taking iron supplements or bismuth preparations, the color of stool and vomit may change, resembling hematochezia and hematemesis, but the symptoms usually disappear after discontinuing intake.
Hemorrhoids, a common anorectal disease, can cause the surface mucosa of hemorrhoids to rupture and bleed due to increased abdominal pressure during defecation. The blood is excreted with the stool, and in severe cases, hematemesis may also occur.
