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Fuller在20世纪20年代和30年代的灵活住房实验，即“Dymaxion House”计划，带有非常先进的预制浴室模块。\n\n![](https:\u002F\u002Fcaijing-img.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com\u002Fimport_1788446085843_yp9117q5_86325981f0_ac4c4803fd.jpg)\n\nBuckminster Fuller的预制浴室模块（美国专利局）\n\n这些模块被运往美国军队，供第二次世界大战期间使用。 然而，由于Dymaxion公司缺乏资金，Fuller的模块化创意从未完全实现，他聘请的工程师 - 建筑师很快转向其他项目。\n\n![](https:\u002F\u002Fcaijing-img.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com\u002Fimport_1788392930591_02qwx2n1_3417128b6c_8e0bf7e30a.jpg)\n\nThe Winslow Ames House\n\n这座具有独创性的房屋是在一个名为Cemesto的新外部装饰材料的帮助下建造的，这种材料是一种部分由甘蔗制成的面板，由John B. Pierce基金会申请专利。Winslow Ames House由几个房间模块组成，由“service core”作为核心，所有浴室，厨房，管道和供暖系统都附属于此。\n\n1942年，美国政府使用类似的Cemesto预制系统建造了田纳西州橡树岭的绝密城镇，这是曼哈顿计划的所在地。\n\n![](https:\u002F\u002Fcaijing-img.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com\u002Fimport_1788448665180_he9o9qwz_b4ff878bd4_d05dd2be0f.png)\n\n“灵活空间”正在建设中\n\n他们聘请了Skidmore，Owings和Merrill公司，提出了一个名为“灵活空间”的计划 - 完全模块化的房屋足够灵活，可以让很多家庭很快居住在这个秘密的新地方。 这些房屋分成不连续的部分，用水泥浇筑而成，并在现场以略微不同的配置组装。\n\n**2.模块化建筑规模化**\n\n二战结束后，模块化建筑的概念蔓延到迅速发展的郊区，主要的房屋体系是四十年代的即插即用板式结构和五十年代的 Lustron和Gunnison 预制房屋。\n\n![](https:\u002F\u002Fcaijing-img.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com\u002Fimport_1788796837839_ybeilmau_c79553ef08_646bc2f5c8.jpg)\n\nLustron房屋\n\n这些受欢迎的房屋由钢框架和可定制的功能组成，如各种厨房和浴室系统，门窗，以及门廊，门廊和车库等附加设施。 虽然只有一些模块化的设计，但房屋有助于向公众介绍模块化的概念。\n\n![](https:\u002F\u002Fcaijing-img.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com\u002Fimport_1788444266299_6z2pe9un_135a30ae0a_6a5ae3f7bb.jpg)\n\nGunnison房屋\n\n整个20世纪50年代，模块化的理念吸引了许多人，尤其是建筑师和设计师乔治·尼尔森，他最著名的是他的中世纪现代家具。 尼尔森领导向新兴的模块化概念过渡，在外部表达模块化结构（与他的前辈不同，他们试图掩盖其设计的模块化特性）。 他正在进行的实验室概念将新材料（如经济实惠的塑料）与尼尔森最著名的太空时代未来主义相结合。\n\n![](https:\u002F\u002Fcaijing-img.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com\u002Fimport_1788400032620_iq7x77t4_3307392426_1a936b569a.png)\n\nGeorge Nelson实验性房屋模型1967 （图片来自George Nelson Foundation）\n\n在20世纪60年代，模块化建筑受到尼尔森和Eameses开创的未来主义美学语言，以及星际迷航等电视节目，包括太空竞赛和原子时代在内等事件的影响，并将这些元素融入进20世纪60年代的模块化住房计划。 这些计划侧重于在大规模结构框架上安装个别住房单元，是对即将出现的人口过剩危机的前瞻性解决方案。\n\n![](https:\u002F\u002Fcaijing-img.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com\u002Fimport_1788801846376_je10qtn4_062d69454b_0d64417802.png)\n\nGeorge Nelson在进行项目讨论\n\n60年代初期的模块化时代由法国建筑师盖伊·德绍格（Guy Dessauges）所开启，他设计优雅的胶囊房位于塔架上，可欣赏到周边风景名胜的全景。\n\n![](https:\u002F\u002Fcaijing-img.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com\u002Fimport_1788442106878_e5rze0j4_d367925927_99c0bb4d79.png)\n\nGuy Dessauges的模块化房屋专利\n\n模块化的概念在1964年通过“插件城市”项目在复杂性上达到了一个难以企及的水平，“插件城市”是一个百万级的模块化概念项目，由英国实验建筑集体Archigram提出。虽然它从未建成，但“插件城市”把可互换的城市概念引入到建筑舞台，因为它在20世纪60年代的冷战氛围中预言了某种反乌托邦式的未来。\n\n![](https:\u002F\u002Fcaijing-img.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com\u002Fimport_1788446113654_ovmb9i2y_b64d0f23d9_ec8903f6c2.jpg)\n\n![](https:\u002F\u002Fcaijing-img.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com\u002Fimport_1788801357258_jl1kg5g3_cf5d569c37_364801d445.jpg)\n\n“插件城市”项目\n\n也许模块化建筑实验的最大成就是由Moshe Safdie为1967蒙特利尔博览会设计、建造的预制模块化巨型结构Habitat 67项目。\n\n![](https:\u002F\u002Fcaijing-img.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com\u002Fimport_1788446241192_rut23szx_0a12925570_04a8a9e8a6.jpg)\n\nHabitat 67项目\n\nHabitat 67是Moshe Safdie在麦克吉尔大学学习的一个研究生项目，由12个层、354个相同的预制混凝土公寓组成。该项目在密集的城市社区原型的背景下侧重于光、新鲜空气和开放空间的整合。这些公寓仍然屹立不动，销售hundreds of thousands of USD美元以上（对于实验性住房计划来说是罕见的）。\n\n在世界的另一边，日本面临着战后人口和制造业的繁荣，发展了“新陈代谢”建筑风格，其重点在于灵活性、模块化和类似Archigram的可交换单元概念。\n\n尽管在1973次能源危机之前，“新陈代谢派”才活跃起来，但他们对参观了1970年世博会的美国建筑师和思想家产生了巨大的影响。\n\n![](https:\u002F\u002Fcaijing-img.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com\u002Fimport_1788796894704_nnn7tae4_fc22d1d0c5_115089f10e.jpg)\n\n1970年世博会\n\n像Archigram（阿基格拉姆学派）一样，“新陈代谢”派的概念大多是假设的，从未超越模型阶段。然而，他们确实设法建造了一些建筑物。这些建筑中最臭名昭著和最有趣的是1972年由Kisha Kurokawa设计的Nagakin胶囊塔。\n\n![](https:\u002F\u002Fcaijing-img.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com\u002Fimport_1788422165674_o5hack8b_d22cd406ea_6db3b577da.jpg)\n\nNagakin Capsule Tower\n\nNagakin胶囊塔由140个独立的预制胶囊组成，配有浴室，橱柜和内置高保真音响套装。这款微型胶囊设计为可拆卸和可更换，尺寸仅为7.5 x 6.9 x 12英尺 - 是当今日益流行的微型公寓的前身。\n\n![](https:\u002F\u002Fcaijing-img.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com\u002Fimport_1788800618783_0b97vt2o_3b16905447_e5efd171b4.png)\n\n胶囊塔内部\n\n尽管外观引人注目，但该塔已面临超过10年的拆除危险。目前，保护工作已经阻止了这样一座重要建筑的潜在损失。\n\n美国建筑师保罗·鲁道夫（Paul Rudolph）以其野兽派政府大楼而闻名，其灵感来自于世界博览会和欧洲同时代人的模块化项目。鲁道夫在耶鲁大学教授建筑时，在附近的康涅狄格州纽黑文市设计了一个大规模住房项目。鲁道夫的概念采用了现有的住房基础设施开发，即单宽拖车，并以Habitat 67的方式应用。\n\n![](https:\u002F\u002Fcaijing-img.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com\u002Fimport_1788445961499_16oeybtl_df38925d47_5e59015c63.jpg)\n\nOrange County政府中心\n\n鲁道夫的项目，“东方共济会花园”，由148个预制单元组成，围绕一个中央公用“核心”分成四组。 生活空间基于堆叠单元——底层单元由生活空间组成，卧室位于第二层单元内。可以添加第三层单元用于额外的生活空间。该项目最终未获成功。根据鲁道夫在后来的采访中说：“人们讨厌它。首先它泄露了人们讨厌某件事物的一个很好的理由，但我认为它要复杂得多。 在心理上，居住在这些住宅中的人不喜欢住在别人之下。换句话说，住宅的错层并不符合他们的喜好。“\n\n![](https:\u002F\u002Fcaijing-img.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com\u002Fimport_1788418146504_0udp8jpq_7c2a1cf2a1_b0bee6c08b.jpg)\n\nOriental Masonic Gardens via the Paul Rudolph Collection\n\n随着70年代即将结束，鲁道夫等不成功的建筑运动推动了大众模块化概念的公众品味。20世纪70年代能源危机的解决与新自由主义经济理论和绿色革命的技术优势所带来的繁荣的新时代相结合，创造了消费主义的繁荣，表现为里根时代的房屋建设风格。美国人非常乐意将过去二十年的社会计划和社会动荡（包括失败的社会住房）抛在脑后，并开启私人支出和私人所有权增加的时代。\n\n虽然模块化公寓概念在此期间在欧洲人口稠密的城市中保持了良好的态势，但美国20世纪80年代的模块化住宅概念又回到了20世纪40年代和50年代的思维，专注于个人住宅而非集体住房。20世纪80年代，模块化住房技术应用于郊区住宅的建设，Unity Homes等公司设计了模块化建筑方法，以替代当时经常被污名化的预制房屋。\n\n![](https:\u002F\u002Fcaijing-img.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com\u002Fimport_1788444081868_6w7o7lti_828e566b51_2eb2a02bb1.jpg)\n\nUnity Homes房屋\n\n这些新的模块化房屋由工厂生产的部件构成，其中钢框架用作底盘，房屋被运输到施工现场。在现场用起重机吊装到房屋基础上组装。然后框架返回工厂，构建下一个“离架”模块。 这些模块化方法的起源与田纳西州橡树岭的早期水泥房直接相关，在今天的住宅建设中仍然很受欢迎。\n\n**3.当代模块化建筑**\n\n20世纪90年代和21世纪初期的技术进步激发了新一代建筑师回归实验模块化住宅的概念。 计算机渲染的改进带来了创新的制造概念，如Klip House，其计算机设计的零件可以像LEGO一样拼接在一起。\n\n![](https:\u002F\u002Fcaijing-img.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com\u002Fimport_1788422220790_s3raosrb_70f9456aa4_40e3d48f7f.jpg)\n\nKlip House设计的房屋\n\nKlip House的灵活性特质旨在吸引那些寻求能够适应不断变化需求的独立家庭的人群。通过这个系统，可以通过简单地连接另一个模块，而不是搬家或建造一个全新的房屋来解决对更多空间的需求（因此减轻了过去四十年中无情的城市蔓延）。\n\n模块化住宅的最新发展试图解决一个全新的问题：城市住房的可负担性。随着越来越多的财富进入城市，对城市房地产的投机上升，流离失所和高档化造成了城市住房负担能力危机。\n\n这个问题的一个意想不到的副作用是年轻人和创意类型人员的流离失所，他们已经成为新的边缘化购房者，被高昂的房价挤出他们本来可以获得职业发展的地区。对于那些拼命寻找低租金的人来说，出现了新型住房：集装箱房和模块化小公寓。\n\n![](https:\u002F\u002Fcaijing-img.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com\u002Fimport_1788801079123_ulmzo3lo_fb258b42cd_f074c8dd13.jpg)\n\n集装箱城市\n\n集装箱住房是一种创造性的再利用方式，把多余或废弃的集装箱转变为小型住宅，在2000年城市空间管理公司在伦敦Trinity Buoy Wharf地区完成了Container City I项目时，成为了社会的主流意识。该项目与鲁道夫的东方共济会花园有许多相似之处，因为几个独立的单元被组合成一个私人住宅的综合体。该公司已经完成了另外16个项目。\n\n虽然在欧洲流行，但美国复杂的分区法律阻止了集装箱发展的扩散，尽管它们可能是一种有效的经济适用房解决方案。\n\n微型公寓是一个住房解决方案，起源于香港这样的高密度城市，已经扩展到美国的城市，在纽约和西雅图有一些著名的项目。如My Micro New York等项目，由预制的313平方英尺模块在现场组装在钢架上建造。\n\n![](https:\u002F\u002Fcaijing-img.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com\u002Fimport_1788422026980_buzrxxzb_fbbdd827ad_9ca6ce0297.png)\n\nMy Micro New York项目\n\n微型公寓起源于Nagakin胶囊塔等项目，旨在提供租金较低的安全生活空间——这是对卧室在法律规定的单独居住空间内进行分割的情况的回应，以便为更多居民节省租金。时间将证明这些方案是否最终成功，绝大多数大规模模块化住房概念就是如此。\n\n![](https:\u002F\u002Fcaijing-img.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com\u002Fimport_1788801316290_dfrlg85v_149aeb2bd2_8c006459f1.png)\n\n加州模块化公寓\n\n尽管大规模模块化住宅项目已经取得了一些成功，例如Habitat 67，但大多数项目要么从未超过规划阶段，要么就是失败。然而，模块化结构的即插即用灵活性始终激发着具有前瞻思维的建筑师。我们这个时代的残酷现实是，以化石燃料为中心的蔓延世界是短暂的，不可持续的。随着新形式的住房和非核生活形势的扩散，再加上高科技时代，只要建筑规划部门，城市和个人保持开放的心态，在条件成熟时，价格合理的模块化住房就可以实现。\n\n地址：上海市华隆路1777号\n\n网址：www.Our Company.com\n\n电话：021-60760737\n\n手机：17721310336\n\n邮箱：marketing@Our Company.com\n\n24H客服尊崇热线：400-716-6557\n\n![](https:\u002F\u002Fcaijing-img.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com\u002Fimport_1788418163326_y519jug2_a3479ec42a_458f3c72d6.jpg)",false,{"id":211,"documentId":212,"name":213,"alternativeText":214,"caption":27,"focalPoint":27,"width":119,"height":119,"formats":215,"hash":234,"ext":122,"mime":125,"size":235,"url":236,"previewUrl":27,"provider":147,"provider_metadata":27,"createdAt":237,"updatedAt":237,"publishedAt":237},20770,"brx9vko25zeztza4rwkf49al","import_1788446085843_yp9117q5_86325981f0.jpg","The Development History of Modular Building in the United 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