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80多场活动。\n\n很少有居民和路人意识到，它其实是一个集装箱建筑。如今的集装箱建筑，已经不是过去刻板印象里简单的金属盒子，它也可以富有设计感。\n\n2020年，受有关部门委托，本公司文化发展有限公司接下了古北驿站这个项目。设计的初衷，是希望能有一个呈现街区魅力、促进街区共治的开放平台，一个社群商户可共享的空间，一个人人可创作的活力舞台。带着这些思考，设计师走街串巷。他发现在这里能听到各国语言，是汇聚中外友人的生活场所；这里没有车流、没有鸣笛，只有慢生活的惬意；这里能看到上海极负盛名的银杏景色，也是居民家门口的骄傲。于是方案就地取材，将银杏叶的暖黄元素与集装箱小屋融合。\n\n![](https:\u002F\u002Fcaijing-img.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com\u002Fimport_1788801357258_jl1kg5g3_cf5d569c37_e2d6a2c194.jpg)\n\n面对路口的一整面几乎全是落地玻璃门。集装箱两侧的两个面则可以完全打开，小屋可变为一个三面开放的盒子，适宜各种互动活动。驿站以参与式设计的理念，留下街区点滴的故事。主体墙壁材料使用 1.6毫米耐候钢；墙面和合金门窗全部在工厂预制完成，吊装到现场后再拼接门窗；顶部太阳能板解决照明、空调的轻量化用电需求。\n\n“大鱼营造”的项目负责人浦睿洁清楚记得，2020年 11月的一天深夜，一辆大卡车把小屋运来，吊放到路口。落地后几个工人开始安装，两小时后全部完工。设计师说，古北驿站从理念提出、设计方案通过、工厂生产到完全落地，总共只花了 1个月时间。实际上更多精力耗费在沟通、打磨方案、走流程上，实际工厂生产时间就几天，落地的建造时间就几小时。\n\n这样的小驿站单元，特别适合使用集装箱建筑。成本可控，施工周期短，钢结构抗腐蚀、抗 8级地震、10级飓风。它几乎在工厂里完成大部分生产，不受环境气候影响，也不会现场扰民，附近社区居民不必为施工噪声所累。它还有一个关键优势：无须占用建筑用地指标，审批流程短，不用往下挖地三尺，不会破坏步行街原本的地面铺装。因此，集装箱建筑特别适合一些苛刻的环境条件，如沙地、泥地、滩涂，又或者是不太想二次开挖的精致地面。\n\n![](https:\u002F\u002Fcaijing-img.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com\u002Fimport_1788422141545_9m7acg06_5ea14da9e0_48871626d1.jpg)\n\n浦睿洁概括古北驿站两年来的使用特点：临街、开放、漂亮，吸引眼球，互动性很强，就像一个艺术装置。这样的建筑单元，适合做社区发生器、快闪活动、展览活动，吸引人们快速参与。比起新建一个传统的驿站房，采用集装箱建筑正式恰到好处。\n\n**风和日丽下的图书馆**\n\n集装箱市集、集装箱展览并不稀奇，但它们究竟能被用到什么程度？\n\n2018年，“WIEE”世界创新创业博览会在同济大学嘉定校区开幕。创博会持续将近一年。一年当中，全球相关人士云集，论坛、讲座、展览、创意文化交流活动持续不断。如此规模体量、持续时间较长的博览会，是否有必要新建一个大建筑群呢？最终，主办方决定在学校2760平方米的场地上搭建 111个集装箱，形成的展览建筑足以使用 1年，又便于拆卸。\n\n![](https:\u002F\u002Fcaijing-img.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com\u002Fimport_1788417959811_dnw6k1pr_7a16dee189_d6e9d40eba.jpg)\n\n本公司首席设计师戴晟翔是这次项目的搭建方负责人。他记得第一次看到场地时，映入眼帘的只有两大块泥土地，没有经过硬化处理，还有垃圾随意堆放其中。“当时我就心想，还好是集装箱，要是传统建筑从头施工，那可麻烦了。”项目从组织、设计、方案修改、流程审核到搭建完成，历时两个月。如果采用传统建筑，这般规模体量，估计需要半年以上。起初缺乏经验，方案简单，就是沿着场地摆箱子。然而一个个独立的集装箱没有形成建筑群的氛围感，于是方案改成有一楼、二楼的集装箱群，有的带露台，有的穿插叠放，富有趣味。\n\n但难题也来了。当时主办方要求使用的是真实的集装箱，而非工厂定制的新东西。戴晟翔特意去宝山港码头，买回来这批二手集装箱。它们尺寸有限，箱子内高不到 2.4米，做完保温层和内部改装，只剩 2.1米高，人在这样的空间并不舒服。好在许多箱子拼在一起，叠放和穿插之后，用设计模糊了空间感受。\n\n另一个难题是排水。集装箱顶面平整，容易积水。即便涂了防水材料，雨水还是会往内部渗漏，箱子必须要满焊。而且箱体与玻璃的衔接处还得加 U槽，强迫雨水“绕行”，顶面增加斜坡。每个集装箱内部相当于一场室内装修，保温层、割洞走线、装空调等，细节一个不少。最终效果很好，个性化涂装后，集装箱展区深受来自全球的年轻人喜爱，开放、灵活，功能多元，白天是展览、工作坊，晚上变身为舞台。这排建筑最终在校园里保留了将近1年。\n\n而到今时今日，集装箱建筑技术早已更新换代。目前的个性化项目基本在工厂定制出品，而非二手回收箱。金属板高度从 2.4米到3.4米均可，能任意拼接满足长度要求，内装工艺成熟，还能配套整体卫浴等组件。\n\n本公司商务总监常晓洁介绍了他们在苏州的校园图书馆项目。它的整体为异型两层集装箱建筑，简单利落的线条，干净如天空的蓝白配色，展现出艺术馆般的高颜值。走进内部，首先入眼的是前厅，窗明几净，以白色为主。一楼的阅览区不仅有柔软的沙发座椅、超大的LED大屏，智能设备也一应俱全。侧面的小书阁采用浓郁的英伦风格进行内装。\n\n![](https:\u002F\u002Fcaijing-img.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com\u002Fimport_1788422251917_r606vg1x_dd503c64c4_7692ca2ee9.jpg)\n\n沿着楼梯走上二楼，这里风格截然不同，以《山海经》元素为顶，传统木艺书架、桌椅衬托出古色古香的书房气息。二楼的露台更是抢手位，学生们在这里享受被树林与蓝天包围的阅读时光。屋顶上布满的太阳能光伏板则为图书馆供能。总之，若非特意说明，没有人意识到图书馆其实是个集装箱建筑。室内空间，无论视觉效果，还是功能使用，都做到了与传统建筑一样，甚至更胜一筹。\n\n如今，这类新型的集装箱建筑用途十分广泛，除了展览，酒吧、餐饮、民宿、商业街、产业园、学校、体育馆、应急救援等均能使用。但凡市面上内装用到的材料和手法，都可嫁接到集装箱模块内，舒适度、美观度早已不是问题。\n\n卡塔尔世界杯上，集装箱建筑搭建的体育场成为完全可拆卸的大型建筑。其看台由一个个半敞开的座椅单元拼接组成。这些单元其实无须复杂的内装，在目前集装箱建筑领域，它们属于技术相对简单的类型。但亮相于这次世界杯更加宝贵的价值在于，它让更多的人看到大型建筑也可灵活、轻便、循环利用，给出了一个样板间。\n\n**可灵活“转身”，更适应未来\n\n**\n\n![](https:\u002F\u002Fcaijing-img.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com\u002Fimport_1788802712849_lggbughw_e657aeaf85_d151ac118a.jpg)\n\n在上海莘庄春申湖畔，园地的树林里有几只亮红色的“蝴蝶”翩然飞舞，它们就是用集装箱建筑打造的“红色客厅”党群服务站。建筑整体外壳为优雅的弧形曲面，涂上鲜艳亮眼的图案，打破了人们对集装箱就得是方方正正的刻板印象。\n\n设计师说，该党群服务站之所以选择集装箱建筑，除了流程、施工周期短，造型美观，成本可控，低碳环保等因素以外，也是不想再破坏广场原有的铺装。其内部装修与传统建筑类似，甚至视觉上更通透敞亮。\n\n常晓洁坦言，目前这类新型的定做式异型组合集装箱建筑可以复原，二次搭建成其他造型，或者拆成小单元模块再次利用。而目前，本公司承接了一批组合式售楼部项目，实际应用场景中，它们不需要用后拆解，一处用完，可直接整组吊起，转移到另外的楼盘再循环使用。\n\n![](https:\u002F\u002Fcaijing-img.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com\u002Fimport_1788801079123_ulmzo3lo_fb258b42cd_9bb89ffe6e.jpg)\n\n集装箱建筑理论寿命有25年，作为公共设施、服务设施、商业设施，其实已经足够。也因此，越来越多的创意园区、商业街开始选择集装箱建筑。常晓洁列举了海口市的凤翔 920集装箱夜市广场，该项目土地面积 46.6亩，位于椰海大道以南、香榭花园以西暂未开发的地块。集装箱夜市建成后，这个未开发的地块一时间成为网红。无烟烧烤、深夜食堂、网红商铺、音乐餐吧、演艺活动、书吧、婚纱摄影、停车场等一应俱全。\n\n另一个案例则是位于嘉兴的一家民宿。从地面硬化开始到施工完成，大约花了 45天。有人担心集装箱住宅内部会不会趋于简陋，有种住工棚的感觉，无法与酒店的舒适度媲美。其实这是一种误解。定做的个性化精品项目，屋内也采取个性化精装修模式，加保温层、铺管线、装墙板内饰面等，和传统内装工程类似，可以打造得与高星级酒店房屋并无二致，再加上外壳个性化涂装，更加吸引年轻人。而嘉兴这家民宿之所以选择集装箱建筑，原因之一是当地地质条件较差，挖地基十分有难度，传统施工方法至少要花 8个月才能建成，而集装箱建筑只需要地面做一层硬化处理即可。\n\n2016年，国务院办公厅发布《关于大力发展装配式建筑的指导意见》，未来我国将大力推广装配式建筑，用 10年左右时间，使装配式建筑占新建建筑面积的比例达到 30％。但目前，装配式建筑在我国实际占比不到 5％，与发达国家存在差距。有业内专家预测，未来 10年中国装配式建筑的市场规模累计将达到 $3,472亿元，市场发展空间巨大。\n\n其中，集装箱这一细分类型近年越来越火热。与传统建造方式相比，它能减少施工用水量、混凝土损耗约 60%，减少施工垃圾和装修垃圾约70%，整体节能一半，生产效率提高两到三倍。低碳环保节能，灵活轻便可移动。更关键的是，集装箱建筑审批不占建筑用地指标，售楼部、驿站、展览乃至商业街、产业园，使用集装箱建筑手续相对简单很多。\n\n未来，它在民用领域具有相当大的市场潜力。在城市更新场景中，它可以有着超乎想象的灵活运用与可塑性。而在乡村、自然环境，它受限较小，更是玩法多样，想象无穷。在一些全球城市，街头已经可以看到由集装箱改造成的移动式旅馆、咖啡馆和商店。伦敦就把一个集装箱建筑作为宿舍使用，它高达八层，是一种技术创新。\n\n20世纪中叶，日本著名建筑师丹下健三开启了“新陈代谢派”，这个建筑流派一度颇具影响力，影响了槙文彦、菊竹清训、黑川纪章等一批知名建筑师。他们强调城市是在不断生长、更新与衰亡的，极力主张采用新的技术来解决问题，反对过去那种把城市和建筑看成固定地的观点。其研究从建筑转向了对未来都市的规划畅想。\n\n这个流派认为，现代城市中的每一座建筑本身就是一座有生命力的小城市，有着张力和力量。建筑设计需要适应城市的有机生长、变化、代谢、更新。1966年，丹下健三完成了山梨县文化会馆。但囿于当时的技术手段限制，单元更新的操作仍然比较困难。如今，集装箱建筑让这一切都变得可行。比如一个大型建筑，可以先搭好结构框架，再把集装箱作为一个个小单元组件，像一个个胶囊一般塞进去，成为模块化建筑的一部分。如此，未来更新直接替换集装箱模块即可。\n\n在城市用地日益紧张、不确定性因素增多、更新需求越发多样的情况下，集装箱建筑或许不再是简陋的工业代名词，而是提供了未来城市更新、生长、应对风险变化的无限可能性。今日，当我们探讨社区和公共空间激活的各类软硬模式时，集装箱建筑或许可以为城市更新提供新的启发。\n\n**专家对话**\n\n记者：您对集装箱建筑未来可扮演的角色怎么看？\n\n徐磊青（同济大学建筑与城市规划学院教授）：集装箱作为移动式、临时性建筑，非常好用。\n\n第一，完整的箱体很容易插入现代建筑结构中。只要大结构搭好，箱体插进去即可，配上已有的管线，能够极大加快建设进程。如果技术成熟，类似酒店房间这种可大批量复制的空间，未来很有可能采取这一手法。集装箱成为建筑的一部分，或许会变得更加普及。\n\n第二，它作为独立建筑，在城市空间中的使用场景相当广泛。报刊亭、咖啡吧、外卖亭、早餐车、快闪店、展销会等，集装箱灵活轻便，低碳环保，可组装可拆卸，不给公共空间增加太多麻烦，未来在城市中承担的服务功能不可估量。只是我们现在了解它、想到它、会用它的甲方还比较少。\n\n第三，它能为个人所用，可以改造成敞开式空间。比如公园里的露营地，可以采用集装箱建筑，出租给使用者。\n\n第四，它能作为临时居所，如体育赛事的临时性宿舍、大型音乐节的保障性房屋等，我们已经看到不少案例。\n\n第五，它还能作为农作物生产空间。现在农业技术的发展，可以做到不需要室外空气、太阳，靠全调节微气候装置加一个密闭舱就能实现植物包括农作物的生长。可以把这套东西放在屋顶上、高架桥上、水泥墙壁上等。这样的场景应用，未来还能应对极端气候环境和食物短缺等情况。\n\n在人们的刻板印象里，集装箱貌似呆板、封闭，没有技术含量，但其实不是。通过技术迭代，拆改、打开、隔声、保暖等，各类应用场景需求与技术结合，临时性建筑反而更能适合未来，应对生活的变化。\n\n记者：假设一个城市区域从零起步，只要留出水、电、气等系统管道的接口，理论上片区里的公共基础设施都可以用集装箱建筑灵活替代。\n\n徐磊青：它确实可以成为城市基础设施的供应点。问题在于如何方便接入城市系统。我们总觉得集装箱是一种临时使用状态，用处有限。但恰恰未来城市设施使用周期越来越短，人的生活方式、生活节奏变得越来越快，更新换代说不定成为一种常态。\n\n今天的人，巴不得所有设施可以即插即用，今天提出、明天建完、后天使用，一个月后就能升级焕新。从这个角度看，临时性建筑实际上更加符合未来的城市生活。日本“新陈代谢派”把整个城市看成不断生长的过程。这个理念没有过时，反而更加贴近未来。\n\n记者：按照这个思路，可以提供许多新的城市场景。\n\n徐磊青：比如书展，一定要在一个大型建筑内部布置吗？给每个摊主一个定制化集装箱，放在郊野公园，露天也行，半户外也行，自然环境里的阅读更有吸引力。别担心日晒雨淋对书的影响，集装箱建筑在技术上都可以解决这些问题。展览最多几周，即用即拆，箱子可以设计成折叠打开的那种，明年换一个地方继续使用。\n\n又比如黄浦江边成体系的a few USD座望江驿，一直被上海人津津乐道。那苏州河沿岸的驿站怎么打造？不同于宽阔的黄浦江岸线，苏州河沿岸地块复杂，可供新造驿站的公共空间十分有限，能否采取集装箱建筑的形式呢？\n\n记者：临时性建筑，反而更加切合城市的未来需求。\n\n徐磊青：尤其上海这样的超大型城市，临时性建筑、移动式建筑需求量其实特别大。各类展览、节日、活动、赛事、特殊环境的设施供应都有需要。而老旧小区、土地条件受限的地方，用临时性建筑更新设施也能缓解燃眉之急。面对提升城市发展的可持续性、增加城市韧性以应对未来的不确定性风险等方面的需求，临时建筑打开了新的可能。\n\n网址：www.Our Company.com\n\n手机：17721310336\n\n邮箱：marketing@Our Company.com\n\n24H客服尊崇热线：021-60760737\n\n地址：上海市闵行区申昆路2177号\n\n![](https:\u002F\u002Fcaijing-img.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com\u002Fimport_1788379358543_r9um4np9_1604e5fe75_75f511b78e.jpg)",false,{"id":210,"documentId":211,"name":212,"alternativeText":213,"caption":27,"focalPoint":27,"width":119,"height":119,"formats":214,"hash":235,"ext":216,"mime":219,"size":236,"url":237,"previewUrl":27,"provider":147,"provider_metadata":27,"createdAt":238,"updatedAt":238,"publishedAt":239},16283,"rh49c0t18rul5eexgvg1bwdp","import_1788800844421_d9xxs9ox_6800cf489f.png","Jiefang Daily In-Depth Interview with Our Company on Modular Container Buildings and Future 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