[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"global_setting:vi":3,"categories:vi":20,"api:\u002Farticles:vi:{\"sort\":\"id:desc\",\"pagination[withCount]\":false,\"filters[slug][$eq]\":\"ancient-chinese-mobile-toilets-translation\",\"pagination[page]\":1,\"pagination[pageSize]\":1,\"populate[cover]\":true,\"populate[category]\":true}":197,"blog-prev:vi:ancient-chinese-mobile-toilets-translation:2026-10-19T01:54:48.736Z":240,"blog-next:vi:ancient-chinese-mobile-toilets-translation:2026-10-19T01:54:48.736Z":244,"api:\u002Farticles:vi:{\"sort\":\"publishedAt:desc\",\"pagination[withCount]\":false,\"fields[0]\":\"title\",\"fields[1]\":\"slug\",\"fields[2]\":\"excerpt\",\"fields[3]\":\"publishedAt\",\"fields[4]\":\"createdAt\",\"populate[cover]\":true,\"filters[slug][$ne]\":\"ancient-chinese-mobile-toilets-translation\",\"pagination[page]\":1,\"pagination[pageSize]\":4}":253},{"data":4,"meta":19},{"id":5,"documentId":6,"siteName":7,"siteTitle":8,"siteDescription":9,"email":10,"phone":11,"whatsapp":12,"createdAt":13,"updatedAt":14,"publishedAt":15,"locale":16,"address":17,"siteKeywords":18},47,"oa8f3tu3m17iipzazrxrmufk","Nghi Hàng Xuyên Biên","Nhà máy sản xuất nhà tiền chế Yihang _ Nhà container _ Nhà vệ sinh di động _ Nhà lắp ghép nhanh","Nhà tiền chế Yihang là nhà máy sản xuất chuyên nghiệp nhà tiền chế trọn gói, chuyên sản xuất nhà container, nhà container lắp ghép, nhà vệ sinh di động. Nhà máy cung cấp trực tiếp từ nguồn gốc, hỗ trợ sản xuất theo yêu cầu, lắp đặt nhanh chóng, tháo lắp tái sử dụng, ứng dụng rộng rãi trong các công trình xây dựng tạm, văn phòng ngoài trời, nhà ở tạm thời, các khu du lịch, chất lượng đảm bảo, tiến độ nhanh chóng, nhận sản xuất theo yêu cầu các công trình nhà tiền chế trong và ngoài nước.","xianglele@ehang-cross.com","+8619092593611 ","8619092593611 ","2026-08-17T15:42:51.402Z","2026-09-21T15:23:32.374Z","2026-09-21T15:23:32.427Z","vi","Zhejiang, China","Nhà Xưởng nhà tiền chế Yihang, nhà container, nhà vệ sinh di động, nhà lắp ghép nhanh",{},{"data":21,"meta":192},[22,39,47,55,63,71,78,93,101,109,149],{"id":23,"documentId":24,"name":25,"slug":26,"description":27,"createdAt":28,"updatedAt":28,"publishedAt":29,"locale":16,"parent":30,"children":38,"cover":27},410,"jgl16pgiujilzypxh7w1dvsf","Nhà Container Có Thể Tháo Gỡ Và Bao Bì Bằng Phẳng","flat-pack-and-detachable-container-houses",null,"2026-08-31T14:39:51.955Z","2026-08-31T14:49:28.000Z",{"id":31,"documentId":32,"name":33,"slug":34,"description":33,"createdAt":35,"updatedAt":36,"publishedAt":37,"locale":16},550,"r55sewcg5jmiwkpom4lipxas","Nhà Container","container","2026-08-31T14:34:58.099Z","2026-09-08T15:41:11.619Z","2026-09-08T15:41:12.186Z",[],{"id":40,"documentId":41,"name":42,"slug":43,"description":27,"createdAt":44,"updatedAt":44,"publishedAt":29,"locale":16,"parent":45,"children":46,"cover":27},412,"rgxh10ucmzziz0nsnhk2hoeq","Nhà container có thể gập lại và gấp gọn","foldable-folding-container-houses","2026-08-31T14:39:52.813Z",{"id":31,"documentId":32,"name":33,"slug":34,"description":33,"createdAt":35,"updatedAt":36,"publishedAt":37,"locale":16},[],{"id":48,"documentId":49,"name":50,"slug":51,"description":27,"createdAt":52,"updatedAt":52,"publishedAt":29,"locale":16,"parent":53,"children":54,"cover":27},414,"oc9q3a05evd1yqknsdqqnr7d","Nhà container có thể mở rộng","expandable-container-houses","2026-08-31T14:39:53.650Z",{"id":31,"documentId":32,"name":33,"slug":34,"description":33,"createdAt":35,"updatedAt":36,"publishedAt":37,"locale":16},[],{"id":56,"documentId":57,"name":58,"slug":59,"description":27,"createdAt":60,"updatedAt":60,"publishedAt":29,"locale":16,"parent":61,"children":62,"cover":27},416,"ovwz6cyf18poazkrojb8r4mm","Nhà hình Viên nang Vũ trụ & Cabin Táo","space-capsule-houses-apple-cabins","2026-08-31T14:39:54.517Z",{"id":31,"documentId":32,"name":33,"slug":34,"description":33,"createdAt":35,"updatedAt":36,"publishedAt":37,"locale":16},[],{"id":64,"documentId":65,"name":66,"slug":67,"description":27,"createdAt":68,"updatedAt":68,"publishedAt":29,"locale":16,"parent":69,"children":70,"cover":27},418,"fcg0r2nn01zvrruk7snqwji2","Nhà mô-đun & các ngôi nhà tiền chế khác","modular-homes-other-prefab-houses","2026-08-31T14:39:55.299Z",{"id":31,"documentId":32,"name":33,"slug":34,"description":33,"createdAt":35,"updatedAt":36,"publishedAt":37,"locale":16},[],{"id":72,"documentId":73,"name":50,"slug":74,"description":27,"createdAt":75,"updatedAt":75,"publishedAt":29,"locale":16,"parent":76,"children":77,"cover":27},420,"tjabq1gzspxnzftyarxqh5m6","iso-shipping-storage-containers","2026-08-31T14:39:56.130Z",{"id":31,"documentId":32,"name":33,"slug":34,"description":33,"createdAt":35,"updatedAt":36,"publishedAt":37,"locale":16},[],{"id":79,"documentId":80,"name":81,"slug":82,"description":27,"createdAt":83,"updatedAt":83,"publishedAt":29,"locale":16,"parent":84,"children":92,"cover":27},422,"czl0ibqkzm8vygbfe5qpo2l1","Bồn cầu di động bằng nhựa HDPE","hdpe-plastic-portable-toilets","2026-08-31T14:39:56.915Z",{"id":85,"documentId":86,"name":87,"slug":88,"description":87,"createdAt":89,"updatedAt":90,"publishedAt":91,"locale":16},478,"fu8tuiis68jmi0i5iokdq06e","Nhà vệ sinh di động","mobile-toilet","2026-08-31T14:34:59.884Z","2026-08-31T14:47:44.216Z","2026-08-31T14:47:44.742Z",[],{"id":94,"documentId":95,"name":96,"slug":97,"description":27,"createdAt":98,"updatedAt":98,"publishedAt":29,"locale":16,"parent":99,"children":100,"cover":27},424,"tec69y18rtmmv2tp4tb3y703","Nhà vệ sinh di động có kết cấu hàn","welded-structure-mobile-toilets","2026-08-31T14:39:58.139Z",{"id":85,"documentId":86,"name":87,"slug":88,"description":87,"createdAt":89,"updatedAt":90,"publishedAt":91,"locale":16},[],{"id":102,"documentId":103,"name":104,"slug":105,"description":27,"createdAt":106,"updatedAt":106,"publishedAt":29,"locale":16,"parent":107,"children":108,"cover":27},426,"mllynk5uc89sod5c8ndiqd7j","Nhà vệ sinh di động dạng tấm Sandwich","sandwich-panel-portable-toilets","2026-08-31T14:39:58.986Z",{"id":85,"documentId":86,"name":87,"slug":88,"description":87,"createdAt":89,"updatedAt":90,"publishedAt":91,"locale":16},[],{"id":85,"documentId":86,"name":87,"slug":88,"description":87,"createdAt":89,"updatedAt":90,"publishedAt":91,"locale":16,"parent":27,"children":110,"cover":114},[111,112,113],{"id":79,"documentId":80,"name":81,"slug":82,"description":27,"createdAt":83,"updatedAt":83,"publishedAt":29,"locale":16},{"id":94,"documentId":95,"name":96,"slug":97,"description":27,"createdAt":98,"updatedAt":98,"publishedAt":29,"locale":16},{"id":102,"documentId":103,"name":104,"slug":105,"description":27,"createdAt":106,"updatedAt":106,"publishedAt":29,"locale":16},{"id":115,"documentId":116,"name":117,"alternativeText":27,"caption":27,"focalPoint":27,"width":118,"height":118,"formats":119,"hash":143,"ext":121,"mime":124,"size":144,"url":145,"previewUrl":27,"provider":146,"provider_metadata":27,"createdAt":147,"updatedAt":147,"publishedAt":148},1225,"e8w1zqavtqaq3afulj8t4efj","H5a0c7cf6b7bb438da832dfc28e6b87c0X.jpg",800,{"small":120,"medium":129,"thumbnail":136},{"ext":121,"url":122,"hash":123,"mime":124,"name":125,"path":27,"size":126,"width":127,"height":127,"sizeInBytes":128},".jpg","https:\u002F\u002Fcaijing-img.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com\u002Fsmall_H5a0c7cf6b7bb438da832dfc28e6b87c0_X_3056827851.jpg","small_H5a0c7cf6b7bb438da832dfc28e6b87c0_X_3056827851","image\u002Fjpeg","small_H5a0c7cf6b7bb438da832dfc28e6b87c0X.jpg",23.63,500,23630,{"ext":121,"url":130,"hash":131,"mime":124,"name":132,"path":27,"size":133,"width":134,"height":134,"sizeInBytes":135},"https:\u002F\u002Fcaijing-img.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com\u002Fmedium_H5a0c7cf6b7bb438da832dfc28e6b87c0_X_3056827851.jpg","medium_H5a0c7cf6b7bb438da832dfc28e6b87c0_X_3056827851","medium_H5a0c7cf6b7bb438da832dfc28e6b87c0X.jpg",42.65,750,42649,{"ext":121,"url":137,"hash":138,"mime":124,"name":139,"path":27,"size":140,"width":141,"height":141,"sizeInBytes":142},"https:\u002F\u002Fcaijing-img.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com\u002Fthumbnail_H5a0c7cf6b7bb438da832dfc28e6b87c0_X_3056827851.jpg","thumbnail_H5a0c7cf6b7bb438da832dfc28e6b87c0_X_3056827851","thumbnail_H5a0c7cf6b7bb438da832dfc28e6b87c0X.jpg",4.19,156,4188,"H5a0c7cf6b7bb438da832dfc28e6b87c0_X_3056827851",43.48,"https:\u002F\u002Fcaijing-img.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com\u002FH5a0c7cf6b7bb438da832dfc28e6b87c0_X_3056827851.jpg","strapi-provider-upload-aliyun-oss","2026-08-23T12:40:07.717Z","2026-08-23T12:40:07.718Z",{"id":31,"documentId":32,"name":33,"slug":34,"description":33,"createdAt":35,"updatedAt":36,"publishedAt":37,"locale":16,"parent":27,"children":150,"cover":157},[151,152,153,154,155,156],{"id":23,"documentId":24,"name":25,"slug":26,"description":27,"createdAt":28,"updatedAt":28,"publishedAt":29,"locale":16},{"id":40,"documentId":41,"name":42,"slug":43,"description":27,"createdAt":44,"updatedAt":44,"publishedAt":29,"locale":16},{"id":48,"documentId":49,"name":50,"slug":51,"description":27,"createdAt":52,"updatedAt":52,"publishedAt":29,"locale":16},{"id":56,"documentId":57,"name":58,"slug":59,"description":27,"createdAt":60,"updatedAt":60,"publishedAt":29,"locale":16},{"id":64,"documentId":65,"name":66,"slug":67,"description":27,"createdAt":68,"updatedAt":68,"publishedAt":29,"locale":16},{"id":72,"documentId":73,"name":50,"slug":74,"description":27,"createdAt":75,"updatedAt":75,"publishedAt":29,"locale":16},{"id":158,"documentId":159,"name":160,"alternativeText":27,"caption":27,"focalPoint":27,"width":161,"height":161,"formats":162,"hash":188,"ext":121,"mime":124,"size":189,"url":190,"previewUrl":27,"provider":146,"provider_metadata":27,"createdAt":191,"updatedAt":191,"publishedAt":191},1223,"ammcra78h5i6ts27xrts3se5","He0540c3d9e0c47829bceb8aad3dcc0ccY.jpg",1920,{"large":163,"small":170,"medium":176,"thumbnail":182},{"ext":121,"url":164,"hash":165,"mime":124,"name":166,"path":27,"size":167,"width":168,"height":168,"sizeInBytes":169},"https:\u002F\u002Fcaijing-img.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com\u002Flarge_He0540c3d9e0c47829bceb8aad3dcc0cc_Y_86c1fb2a61.jpg","large_He0540c3d9e0c47829bceb8aad3dcc0cc_Y_86c1fb2a61","large_He0540c3d9e0c47829bceb8aad3dcc0ccY.jpg",215.13,1000,215132,{"ext":121,"url":171,"hash":172,"mime":124,"name":173,"path":27,"size":174,"width":127,"height":127,"sizeInBytes":175},"https:\u002F\u002Fcaijing-img.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com\u002Fsmall_He0540c3d9e0c47829bceb8aad3dcc0cc_Y_86c1fb2a61.jpg","small_He0540c3d9e0c47829bceb8aad3dcc0cc_Y_86c1fb2a61","small_He0540c3d9e0c47829bceb8aad3dcc0ccY.jpg",64.11,64109,{"ext":121,"url":177,"hash":178,"mime":124,"name":179,"path":27,"size":180,"width":134,"height":134,"sizeInBytes":181},"https:\u002F\u002Fcaijing-img.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com\u002Fmedium_He0540c3d9e0c47829bceb8aad3dcc0cc_Y_86c1fb2a61.jpg","medium_He0540c3d9e0c47829bceb8aad3dcc0cc_Y_86c1fb2a61","medium_He0540c3d9e0c47829bceb8aad3dcc0ccY.jpg",131.27,131270,{"ext":121,"url":183,"hash":184,"mime":124,"name":185,"path":27,"size":186,"width":141,"height":141,"sizeInBytes":187},"https:\u002F\u002Fcaijing-img.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com\u002Fthumbnail_He0540c3d9e0c47829bceb8aad3dcc0cc_Y_86c1fb2a61.jpg","thumbnail_He0540c3d9e0c47829bceb8aad3dcc0cc_Y_86c1fb2a61","thumbnail_He0540c3d9e0c47829bceb8aad3dcc0ccY.jpg",7.14,7138,"He0540c3d9e0c47829bceb8aad3dcc0cc_Y_86c1fb2a61",592.01,"https:\u002F\u002Fcaijing-img.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com\u002FHe0540c3d9e0c47829bceb8aad3dcc0cc_Y_86c1fb2a61.jpg","2026-08-23T08:54:19.423Z",{"pagination":193},{"page":194,"pageSize":195,"pageCount":194,"total":196},1,100,11,{"data":198,"meta":238},[199],{"id":200,"documentId":201,"title":202,"slug":203,"excerpt":27,"createdAt":204,"updatedAt":204,"publishedAt":205,"locale":206,"content":207,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":27,"seo_keywords":27,"isRecommend":208,"cover":209,"category":27},1133004,"g6b60z8e03a0n8q2wf8cu93k","Mobile Toilets in Ancient China","ancient-chinese-mobile-toilets-translation","2026-10-19T01:54:48.710Z","2026-10-19T01:54:48.736Z","en","**Mobile toilet facilities did indeed exist in ancient China, primarily used in imperial courts, among the nobility, and in civilian life, reflecting a blend of practicality and hierarchical distinctions.**  \n\n![](https:\u002F\u002Fcaijing-img.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com\u002Fgallery\u002Fimport_1788378316844_oaqsyenb_5e2ee4d0d1.jpg)\n\n### Mobile Toilet Systems in Imperial Courts and Nobility  \nImperial courts did not have modern fixed public toilets but relied on a system of “mobile commodes + dedicated personnel for waste removal.” Records in Qing Dynasty archives refer to “official chambers” and “clean chambers” as movable commodes, with materials and designs varying according to the user’s status:  \n- **Emperors and Empress Consorts**: Their commodes were often carved from sandalwood, inlaid with gemstones, and lined with finely ground sandalwood or charcoal ash to absorb odors, combining practicality with luxury. For example, Empress Dowager Cixi’s commode, known as the “official chamber,” had a sandalwood core, was covered with yellow silk, and contained pine resin wood powder. After use, maids quickly cleaned and replaced the lining.  \n- **Ordinary Palace Staff**: They used simple wooden or ceramic commodes, which were collected at night by night-duty personnel and transported to designated locations outside the palace for disposal, preventing contamination of the court environment. This hierarchical system maintained order and ensured sanitation needs were met.  \n\n### Mobile Toilet Practices Among Civilians  \nDue to living conditions, civilians widely adopted portable commodes:  \n- **Southern Regions**: In Song Dynasty Hangzhou, common households commonly used chamber pots, mostly made of wood or ceramic, which were emptied en masse at night into dung fields outside the city, forming an early fecal recycling industry. Wealthier families would line their chamber pots with plant ash or charcoal dust to reduce odors.  \n- **Cold Northern Regions**: Chamber pots became the norm, designed primarily for male use (with narrow, long openings), though female-specific versions (with wider, shorter openings) also existed. Some chamber pots, due to their rounded shapes, were mistaken for kettles. Their portability made them the preferred choice for nighttime toilet needs in winter, especially in households without indoor toilets.  \n\n### Technological and Social Significance  \nThe design of ancient mobile toilets reflected adaptation to the environment and needs:  \n- **Material Selection**: Wooden commodes were lightweight and easy to carve, ceramic ones were corrosion-resistant, and metal commodes (such as copper chamber pots) were used in high-end settings, balancing practicality with aesthetics.  \n- **Odor Control**: Natural materials like sandalwood and charcoal ash were used to absorb odors, or waste was quickly removed by dedicated personnel to minimize impact on living spaces.  \n- **Social Division of Labor**: In imperial courts, eunuchs and maids handled waste removal, while in civilian life, fecal collectors regularly gathered waste, forming an early sanitation service system.  \n\nThough rudimentary, these facilities provided foundational solutions for urban sanitation management in ancient times, with design principles echoing the portability and concealment needs of modern mobile toilets.",false,{"id":210,"documentId":211,"name":212,"alternativeText":213,"caption":27,"focalPoint":27,"width":118,"height":118,"formats":214,"hash":233,"ext":121,"mime":124,"size":234,"url":235,"previewUrl":27,"provider":146,"provider_metadata":27,"createdAt":236,"updatedAt":236,"publishedAt":237},13796,"l80wfd0an4scitqwnri3rakw","import_1788378316844_oaqsyenb_5e2ee4d0d1.jpg","House Container Custom",{"small":215,"medium":221,"thumbnail":227},{"ext":121,"url":216,"hash":217,"mime":124,"name":218,"path":27,"size":219,"width":127,"height":127,"sizeInBytes":220},"https:\u002F\u002Fcaijing-img.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com\u002Fsmall_import_1788378316844_oaqsyenb_5e2ee4d0d1_6effdc34bb.jpg","small_import_1788378316844_oaqsyenb_5e2ee4d0d1_6effdc34bb","small_import_1788378316844_oaqsyenb_5e2ee4d0d1.jpg",35.79,35791,{"ext":121,"url":222,"hash":223,"mime":124,"name":224,"path":27,"size":225,"width":134,"height":134,"sizeInBytes":226},"https:\u002F\u002Fcaijing-img.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com\u002Fmedium_import_1788378316844_oaqsyenb_5e2ee4d0d1_6effdc34bb.jpg","medium_import_1788378316844_oaqsyenb_5e2ee4d0d1_6effdc34bb","medium_import_1788378316844_oaqsyenb_5e2ee4d0d1.jpg",68.25,68247,{"ext":121,"url":228,"hash":229,"mime":124,"name":230,"path":27,"size":231,"width":141,"height":141,"sizeInBytes":232},"https:\u002F\u002Fcaijing-img.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com\u002Fthumbnail_import_1788378316844_oaqsyenb_5e2ee4d0d1_6effdc34bb.jpg","thumbnail_import_1788378316844_oaqsyenb_5e2ee4d0d1_6effdc34bb","thumbnail_import_1788378316844_oaqsyenb_5e2ee4d0d1.jpg",5.67,5666,"import_1788378316844_oaqsyenb_5e2ee4d0d1_6effdc34bb",70.42,"https:\u002F\u002Fcaijing-img.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com\u002Fimport_1788378316844_oaqsyenb_5e2ee4d0d1_6effdc34bb.jpg","2026-09-10T04:26:23.635Z","2026-09-10T04:26:23.636Z",{"pagination":239},{"page":194,"pageSize":194},{"data":241,"meta":242},[],{"pagination":243},{"page":194,"pageSize":194},{"data":245,"meta":251},[246],{"id":247,"documentId":248,"slug":249,"title":250},20778,"x68lya7xsp4oqhbhnhosnypa","xining-container-house-unit-prices","Đơn giá nhà container tại Xining",{"pagination":252},{"page":194,"pageSize":194},{"data":254,"meta":387},[255,286,322,357],{"id":247,"documentId":248,"title":250,"slug":249,"excerpt":27,"publishedAt":256,"createdAt":257,"cover":258},"2026-09-13T16:35:13.183Z","2026-09-13T16:35:13.161Z",{"id":259,"documentId":260,"name":261,"alternativeText":262,"caption":27,"focalPoint":27,"width":118,"height":118,"formats":263,"hash":282,"ext":121,"mime":124,"size":283,"url":284,"previewUrl":27,"provider":146,"provider_metadata":27,"createdAt":285,"updatedAt":285,"publishedAt":285},22021,"p03ed0yystyv2nelxabk9x12","import_1788378468007_k79wz9n6_b5269cb90e.jpg","Xining Container House Unit 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