Prefabricated Assembly House Structure

The prefabricated assembly house structure is a modern building system characterized by standardized design, factory-based production, and assembly-based construction. It primarily encompasses prefabricated concrete structures and steel structures, with core components including prefabricated products such as beams, slabs, walls, and columns. Its typical types are divided into panel-type assembly, box-type assembly, and frame-type assembly. The following elaborates on structural types, technical features, and typical models:

I. Structural Types and Technical Foundations

The core structures of prefabricated assembly houses are divided into two categories: prefabricated concrete structures and steel structures. The former primarily uses prefabricated reinforced concrete components, which are connected at nodes to form an overall structure, featuring strong durability and moderate cost. The latter employs factory-prefabricated steel components (such as steel beams and columns) for on-site assembly, offering advantages such as light weight and short construction periods. Both types of structures rely on standardized design to achieve component versatility, ensure quality stability through factory-based production, and reduce on-site wet work through assembly-based construction. Ultimately, they optimize overall process efficiency through information management and intelligent applications. For example, BIM technology enables full lifecycle tracking of components from design to installation, while robotic welding enhances the processing precision of steel structures.

II. Typical Assembly Models and Characteristics

1. Panel-Type Assembly Buildings
   These buildings use prefabricated wall panels and floor slabs as core components, forming the building's main body through the assembly of horizontal and vertical components. Their advantage lies in high space utilization—prefabricated wall panels can integrate functional layers such as insulation and soundproofing, reducing the thickness of on-site secondary construction and thereby expanding the net usable indoor area by approximately 3%-5%. However, limited by the standardized dimensions of prefabricated components, design flexibility is relatively low, making them more suitable for residential or office buildings with clear functional requirements.

2. Box-Type Assembly Buildings
   These buildings use prefabricated functional units (such as complete room modules) as basic assembly units, with each 'box' containing the structure, equipment, and finishes, requiring only on-site hoisting and assembly. This model can increase construction efficiency by 50%-70%. For example, a hospital project reduced the main construction period from 18 months to 6 months through box-type assembly. However, the high degree of integration places extremely high demands on transportation and hoisting equipment, requiring consideration of factors such as road height restrictions and crane tonnage, and is typically suitable for buildings with a relatively low number of floors (≤6 floors).

3. Frame-Type Assembly Buildings
   These buildings use prefabricated beams and columns to form a frame structure, with floor slabs and wall panels serving as infill components, creating a 'skeleton + enclosure' separation system. Their advantage lies in the separation of structure and enclosure, facilitating later renovations and equipment updates, and the frame structure offers excellent seismic performance, often used in high-rise buildings or public buildings. For example, a 30-story residential building adopted a prefabricated concrete frame, achieving seismic performance 'equivalent to cast-in-place' through dry connection nodes.

III. Technical Extensions and Industry Trends

Modular construction, as an advanced form of prefabricated assembly, divides buildings into smaller standard modules (such as bathroom modules and kitchen modules), with each module integrating the structure, piping, and finishes, enabling 'building like LEGO bricks'. This model is widely applied in fields requiring rapid delivery, such as healthcare and hospitality. For example, a quarantine hotel project completed the assembly of 1,000 guest rooms within 7 days through modular design. In the future, with breakthroughs in technologies such as 3D-printed concrete and intelligent connection robots, prefabricated assembly houses will develop towards higher integration and lower environmental impact.