Noble Mobile Toilets
Mobile toilets used by nobles vary across different cultural backgrounds, with notable differences between those used by the Qing Dynasty royal family and those used by noblewomen in medieval Europe.
The mobile commodes exclusively used by the Qing Dynasty royal family were called "guanfang," distinguishing them from the folk terms "matong" (chamber pot) or "bianpen" (bedpan). Their design included a stool and a basin component, with structures made of wood or tin. Some guanfang were exquisitely crafted, adorned with gemstones and carved with auspicious patterns, showcasing not only practicality but also the royal family's nobility and luxury. In terms of functional design, guanfang used sandalwood shavings to wrap waste, a unique feature that served both deodorizing and splash-proof purposes, effectively addressing odor and waste splatter issues during use, reflecting the wisdom of ancient people in daily life details.
Noblewomen in medieval Europe, constrained by clothing, etiquette, and architectural conditions, used portable urinals, known as "bourdaloue" in French. These mobile toilets were typically made of porcelain, metal, or other materials, with a low and narrow shape and a handle for easy carrying and use. Primarily used for urination, they could be concealed within voluminous skirts and operated by the user themselves or with the assistance of a servant. However, the claim that noblewomen "directly relieved themselves while wearing skirts" should be viewed objectively. While some aspects have a basis in daily life, it does not mean they would relieve themselves indiscriminately on any occasion. Moreover, the situation of defecating under skirts cannot be generalized; many rumors have turned special cases into common habits. In reality, noblewomen still adhered to certain etiquette norms in social settings and would not relieve themselves casually.
Overall, mobile toilets used by nobles in different cultural contexts reflect the social culture and etiquette norms of their time, as well as the wisdom and innovation of ancient people in designing daily utensils.
