The Emperor's Mobile Toilet
The emperor's mobile toilet, known as the 'guanfang', was a specialized portable commode used exclusively by the Qing Dynasty royal family.
Form and Material: The guanfang consisted of a stool and a basin component, with structures made of wood or tin. Some guanfangs were crafted with extreme attention to detail, featuring inlaid gemstones and carved auspicious patterns to signify royal dignity. For instance, the interior of the basin was uniquely designed to wrap waste with sandalwood shavings, providing both odor control and splash prevention, effectively addressing issues of odor and waste splatter during use of the mobile toilet.
Usage Process: When the emperor needed to relieve himself, eunuchs would carry the guanfang on their heads to the entrance of the imperial bedroom, where it would then be carried in by palace maids with both hands. The interior of the guanfang would be pre-lined with thick layers of agarwood ash and fragrant wood shavings. As the emperor excreted, the waste would be instantly wrapped and absorbed by these materials, locking in odors. The entire process was silent, odorless, and free from visible waste. After each use, eunuchs would immediately cover the waste with incense ash, seal it quickly, and then have it carried out of the palace by specially designated individuals for cleaning, drying, and storage with incense to ensure cleanliness and hygiene for the next use.
Special Case: The guanfang used by Empress Dowager Cixi in the late Qing Dynasty was truly exceptional and considered a national treasure-level craft. The entire piece was carved from a single block of sandalwood into the shape of a gecko, with four sturdy, slip-resistant feet and gemstone-inlaid eyes that brought it to life. The gecko's mouth even held specially made soft toilet paper, making the design both lively and exquisitely detailed. This not only reflected the high level of craftsmanship at the time but also the luxury and refinement of royal life. This unique guanfang design not only served a practical function but also became a beautiful work of art, showcasing the Qing Dynasty royal family's ultimate pursuit in living utensils.
